It also revamped its stores, menu, and positioning to boost sales. Dunkin has more than 12,600 restaurants in 40 countries worldwide. Dunkin resonates with a no-frills, snob-free coffee store. If youre a chocolate lover, Dunkin Donuts restaurants in Colombia offer triple chocolate doughnuts. When it's not raining, you can find her on the seashore writing scripts for her podcast. Each Dunkin Donut market is different. It is Americas leading retailer of hot and iced regular coffee by the cup, as well as the worlds largest coffee and baked goods chain (Dunkin Donuts 2009). Dunkin Donuts has a culinary innovation team whose task is to explore new items to add to the restaurants menu. Some are not able to thrive because it is difficult to survive the fluctuations in various trends, the shifts in values and changes in consumer preferences. It lured the participants by giving the lucky winners a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to hang out with Charli for a virtual Cold Brew date and get tips and tricks on creating viral videos. KitKat Marketing Strategy: Have a Break, Have a KitKat! They tailored some of their products in each country to satisfy the consumers. Marketing activities are also concentrated in the headquarters instead of spreading out as in international marketing. It's official: We're going by Dunkin' now. prepares its students to analyze and curate campaigns and studies of this type. Seoul, the capital of Korea has been nicknamed the land of coffee where Dunkins. When youre traveling around Netherlands, try the stroopwafel doughnut or if you want something familiar (but still unique), have some Kit Kat doughnuts in Spain. Follow me on Twitter or. The Dunkin' me-too but cheaper strategy is destined for failure. The company promotes its brand by having a bright logo in its cups and packaging material. Dunkin's entire marketing strategy is aimed at attracting customers' attention. It can expand and increase its sales volume. It started when Rosenberg opened a restaurant in 1948 named Open Kettle in Quincy, Massachusetts. The effectiveness of the product or service being launched is improved and can be beneficial for future launches. However, a company, like Dunkin Donuts, doesnt go straight to a foreign market. Dunkin' Donuts - Seaweed and Dry Pork Donuts. Dunkin has around 13,000 stores in more than 40 countries. Thats how Dunkin amuses its audience. This report explains and analyzes the current marketing strategies of Dunkin' Donuts including suggestions for future brand imaging and promotions. We are open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, throughout the year. Dunkin' Donuts LLC, also known as Dunkin' and by the initials DD, is an American multinational coffee and doughnut company, as well as a quick service restaurant.It was founded by Bill Rosenberg (1916-2002) in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1950.The chain was acquired by Baskin-Robbins's holding company Allied Lyons in 1990; its acquisition of the Mister Donut chain and the conversion of that . It also acquired Mr. Donut, which helped the brand grow bigger in North America. Dunkin Donuts marketing strategys goal is to make the customers aware of their brand in every possible way. Dunkin was founded in the year 1950 in Quincy, Massachusetts, the U.S. by William Rosenberg and it is, of quick-service restaurants in the world. they have different sources of posting but their main three on social media are Instagram, TikTok, and Twitter. In some Asian countries youll find Asian-inspired doughnuts. Dunkin has started giving combos with giving donuts, beverages, and burgers together. Marketing strategy is a method that allows a company to focus its resources on the most promising opportunities to grow sales and gaining a competitive advantage that lasts. One of the reasons for this is severe droughts in Brazil that reduced the harvest in 2020-2021 by 30 percent YoY. The brand appeals to a vast customer base thanks to its unusual communication. So the goal of their social media marketing approach is to engage customers by creating fascinating content that they cant resist looking at. Dunkin's mission statement is " to be the leading provider of the wide range of delicious beverages & baked products around the kingdom in a convenient, relaxed, friendly environment that ensures the highest level of quality product and best value for money ." Only 2 years later, in 1950, the restaurant was renamed to DD. However, no matter how weird this sounds, creating unexpected, eccentric merch has been pivotal for Dunkin to broaden its GenZ and Millenial customer base. Since the local shops are almost 100% franchised, the owners and operators are local people, ensuring that they can immediately connect with the local communities. You can order and pay for their product online and have it delivered to your locations. From 2009 to 2019, a decade when Dunkin introduced many new beverage options, it expanded from 6000 to approximately 9000 locations. They also have seasonal coffee flavors, with Pumpkin being a regular favorite. In some areas the company sells more beverage than doughnuts. Your email address will not be published. In some locations, they also incorporate local culture, like using Delft tiles in a Dunkin restaurant in Holland. This case study will dig us deeper into the marketing strategy of Dunkin Donuts. Conclusion What is unique in Dunkin marketing? The product design and variety are kept the same. For those interested in franchising, Dunkin' Donuts is seeking candidates that meet a specific franchisee profile to help build its brand and business. It became an official sponsor of the NBA basketball team, National Womens Hockey League, and various other teams. However, the slowdown of economic activity across the globe has caused shrinkflation and dunkinflation at Dunkin. You can only find the Mochi Ring doughnut in Japan. It posted a picture of their donuts captioning it blue/black or white/gold, theyre delicious. The target consumers characteristics Targeting for the following reasons: The purpose of Dunkin Donuts marketing strategy is to make customers aware of their brand in any manner feasible. Dunkin is active on social media and uses this social media for marketing its brands. Dunkin developed a mobile app to increase sales and its all super convenient, of course, and allows users of the service to speed past those lines in-store and pick up their donuts, coffees and muffins. Kai Young is another unique invention, a glazed doughnut with Thai chili paste and shredded and dried chicken. They have to make the brand different from their competitors. One has to place the order via in-store kiosks or mobile apps. The second step is still focusing on the home country/market, however, exports are introduced and are being focused on. 3. Ethan Schrieberg , VitalBriefing. Dunkin Donuts has over 3,100 stores in over 30 countries outside the US. Nashville, TN. The signboard clearly states that Dunkins employees are not allowed to speak any language other than English. The Donut drop should hint at how Dunkin has evolved and adapted to the changing consumer preferences over the last 70+ years. Marketing DUNKIN'DONUTS Marketing Analysis Mudassar Ali Ahmad Follow Student at Iqbal college Arifwala Advertisement Advertisement Recommended A case study of Dunkin Donuts Shekhar Jyoti Das 6.7k views 10 slides Dunkin' Donuts gogeek 57.5k views 21 slides Competitve analysis dunkin donuts Farhan Bajwa 15k views 24 slides The sweet, fulfilling, cream-whipped donuts were no longer the breakfast choice of the customers. Many are confused by how the term is spelled. In our previous blog, we learned about the SWOT analysis of Dunkin. So far we've covered some fundamentals of international marketing. They are the world's largest coffee and baked goods chain. Trying to create a global marketing strategy is not something easy to accomplish especially in certain industries. To understand the product offerings, let us first take a detour in the history to the founding years of Dunkin. In South Korea they have rice doughnuts as well as charcoal doughnuts. Rosenbergs objective was to produce and serve the most delicious and freshest donuts and coffee courteously and quickly in modern stores that are well-merchandized. Unexpected merch: Would you spend $34 for a candle that smells akin to a $2 cup of Dunkin coffee, or what are your thoughts on Dunkin-branded silk bridal robes? On knowing that Charli had been posting about Dunkin s iced coffee, the company spent no time collaborating with the TikTok star. What exactly is the company trying to achieve by taking the product or service to an international market? document.getElementById( "ak_js" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); You can reach us out at [emailprotected] .Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in any article on the website are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of companies in context. Dunkin Donuts Weaknesses 2021: Lacking revenue diversification. The Instagram page of Dunkin donuts is a treat for customers eyes. Event marketing is beneficial, but it is even better when a company sponsors major events. Global marketing is a must to launch a successful product or service in a foreign country. Sounds a little weird. This helps in recognizing and memorizing the logo easily. Franchising there are not many franchises worldwide compared to our competitors and has a deficiency in control and management. The brand utilizes the Twitter platform to receive queries from its customer and respond to them for an optimum solution. Some use doughnut while others use donut. Global marketing adopts a uniform marketing approach to all locations. Dunkin Donuts got its launch in the year 1950 by William Rosenberg. Aug 2011 - Dec 20115 months. Yes! The pink and the color orange in the logo of the company along with a coffee cup have made it a memorable one. In 2020 it was purchased by Inspire brands and led as a large beverage-led company. It has changed its tagline in India to Dunkin Donuts and more because in India doughnut-eating culture was not present at that time. 3. The ad didnt go well as it showcases the cultural difference between Thailand and the U.S.A. Also, the ad was stated as bizarre and racist. Begin your self-improvement journey right now! So let us first tell you about sensory marketing, and then we will discuss how Dunkin Donuts Use this strategy.Sensory marketing or branding appeals to all the senses of customers about the brand. The company has different prices in different countries, which is called Global Pricing. To be always the desired place for great coffee beverages and delicious complimentary donuts and bakery products to enjoy with family and friends. Moreover, I love to assist others and help them with all my might in their goal fulfillment. The product design and variety are kept the same. Between the ages of 18 and 25, This entire group is made up of adolescent students and young professionals on a tight budget. Global marketing means adapting the company's marketing strategy to an international market. Research and development Dunkin can invest more in research and development and know more about its target customers and competitors. All of the marketing efforts of Dunkin are to grab the attention of customers.Be it surprise or laugh, the promotional strategy of Dunkin Donuts stirs up emotions from the audience. In 1963, the chain's one hundredth restaurant exposed. The company is subsidiary in type and exclusively sells coffee and donuts. 1. Since 1950, Dunkin' Donuts has grown from a single coffee shop in the Boston area to one of the world's largest coffee and baked goods chains. Customers were going gaga over donuts, and that is when in the 1970s, the company introduced Munchkins. Meme marketing is a part of Dunkins social media marketing strategy. It does not choose conventional marketing practices but unconventional practices to target its customers. Along with that, the price surge of essential ingredients such as milk, sugar, andplastic items, not to forget the ongoing short supply of labor, has caused a wage rise. You can get in touch with us through 1-800-969-6853. Choose the viral to go viral. You got to be social if you want to be a customers favorite and gain their loyalty. Dunkin Donuts Instagram page is a visual treat for customers. Now let's look at examples of how brands have successfully executed global marketing strategies. 2023 Global Marketing Professor, Global Marketing Insights | GlobalMarketingProfessor.com. The brand name remains the same. Starting in January 2019, all ads, packages, signage and social media accounts will use the Dunkin' name. The number of coffee houses in the US doubled between 1996 and 2001. It also consists of Service Mix (Process, People, Physical Evidence) strategies. Marketing is part of our everyday life as its the backbone of industries and their biggest tool for reaching their prospective buyers. Understanding the foreign market in which you are launching the product is essential. Dunkin' Donuts sells 52 varieties of donuts and more than a dozen coffee beverages as well as an array of. Table 1 is showing about Marketing Mix of Dunkin . The rebranding helped the company to stage itself as a beverage-led, go-to brand. Dunkin Donut is now named Dunkin. We can't wait to connect! From America runs on Dunkin to America runs on Digital Dunkin, a lot has happened since the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic. Disneys Marketing Intelligence: Sofia The First, Consumer Behavior Shifts to Voice Commands for Purchasing - Global Marketing Professor, 2022 Global Consumer Behavior Shifts due to Covid-19. Many believe that the name doughnut came from the fact that nuts are placed inside the dough ball, although the veracity of this statement is not confirmed. Marketing globally is not easy for brands, but for Dunkin Donuts, its a piece of cake (or donuts, we shall say). Healthy food- nowadays people have become very health conscious and thus Dunkin can start adding healthy and safe food into their menus. After 68 years of America running on Dunkin, we're moving to a first-name basis. Continue reading to find out how. Posted: February 28, 2023. This is the brilliance of Dunkin's Super Bowl ad, created and produced by Affleck's production company, Artists Equity. These senses were sight, smell, and sound. Press Esc to cancel. Out of these platforms, Dunkin has many followers on Instagram and Twitter, which have over 2.2 million and 1.2 million followers, respectively, and they are very active on these two social media platforms with their content because they are actively posting their content. The company focuses on raising the bar on the variety and quality of the food and beverage items that they serve at their restaurants. The product offerings do not end here. The outlet was, of course, the Dunkin Donuts of the previous decade. The targeting strategy could be improved. Therefore, having studied the population, Dunkin was able to know that their customers were mainly children, students, and workers, so they focused their advertising and products on them in America and as its global presence grew, Dunkin still used this study to know their customers, thereby providing the best to them. From its humble beginnings, donuts or doughnuts have become a favorite snack, and Dunkin Donuts is one of the institutions that made the snack food popular on a global scale. Dunkin later collaborated with more GenZ influencers such as Zachariah Porter and Snoop Dogg, including the more undiscovered cult sensations such as Sean Evans and Matty Benedetto. From buying blocks of ice to sell ice chips to purchasing vehicles and converting them to mobile food trucks, Rosenberg already started running his own businesses . Dunkin donuts At A Glance - Marketing Strategy of Dunkin donuts Company : Dunkin' Brands CEO: David Hoffmann Founder: William Rosenberg Year founded: 1950 Headquarters: Canton, Massachusetts, United States Annual Revenue: US$1.37 Billion Profit | Net income: US$487.8 Million Number of employees : 1200 My drive comes from my passion for marketing. It launched a virtual contest #CharliXDunkinContest, where it encouraged the users to post a photo on Instagram recreating an iconic Charli x Dunkin moment using #CharliXDunkinContest. They targeted the majority of people who go to work using public transportation during their morning coffee routine.First, they took their attention with a radio announcement along with a jingle. Bouder, Colorado. He is a Content Marketing Expert and has trained 6000+ students and working professionals on various topics of Digital Marketing. For more information, visit www.DunkinDonuts.com. to know more about how multisensory and stimulus marketing works to encourage potential customers. PARENT COMPANY Dunkin' is part of the Inspire Brands family of restaurants. Now we have learned about the company DUNKIN DONUT(DUNKIN), let us learn about the companys marketing mix. Global social media marketing is here to stay. The title of William Rosenbergs autobiography also has the same catchphrase Time to Make the Donuts: The Founder of Dunkin Donuts Shares an American Journey. Healthy business model & marketing strategy of HelloFresh, Twist, Lick, and Dunk- Oreos Marketing Strategy, Nestles Marketing Strategy of Expertise in Nutrition, M&Ms Marketing Strategy: Bringing Sweetness and Color to the World, Dettol Marketing Strategy of customer belongingness, WOW Skin Science Marketing Strategy Creating a niche in a multi-brand category, Patagonias purpose-driven Marketing Strategy, Nescafe Marketing Strategy: Lesson in Pull Marketing, Ferraris Marketing Strategy of Maintaining Exclusivity, The colorful Marketing Strategy of Miniso, Coca Cola Marketing Strategy, Plan & Mix (4Ps), Marketing & Advertising Strategy of Apple: A critical lens, Vegemite iSnack 2.0: A lesson in brand management, Gucci Marketing Strategy: Lessons From Instagrams Favorite Luxury Brand, What marketing strategy helped Xiaomi lead the Indian smartphone market, Marketing Strategy of McDonalds that makes you loving it. Dunkin Donuts believed that visually appealing creative content was the most effective way to entice customers to visit their stores, so they teamed up with Collab, a digital talent network and entertainment studio, to launch a national Snapchat campaign with a special offer for fans on that day: get a free donut with the purchase of any beverage. The effectiveness of the product or service being launched is improved and can be beneficial for future launches. Also, as the brand runs its franchise across diverse global locations, it creates various accounts based on such locations, considering there is a different kind of content to pitch to the audience from diverse backgrounds. Directed by Affleck himself, the spot features the actor offering customers a $1 donut with the purchase of a medium or large coffee and the occasional handful of Munchkins for their patience. In 1955, Rosenberg distributed franchise of Dunkin' Doughnuts to others. To sustain the products relevance to their varied customers, the company has to adapt the products to the local markets, which is further enhanced by the presence of Baskin-Robbins in countries where several Dunkin Donuts restaurants operate. In a way, a regular customer of Dunkin would associate it with fast, convenient, and inexpensive. The acquisition of Dunkin Donuts in 1990 by Allied Lyons, the holding company of Baskin-Robbins accorded Dunkin Donuts with further growth. J. E., & Park, E. S. (2021). Dunkin' Donuts is an American planetary ring company and coffehouse concatenation based in Canton, Massachusetts. Dunkin' Brands Group Inc <DNKN.O> also announced a multi-year marketing agreement on Monday with National Basketball Association star LeBron James, who has a big following of Chinese fans. How valuable is the companys product or service for this foreign country? Dunkin' Donuts customized its menu to suit the taste buds of young Indian consumers, and the pockets of middle-class households. This being said, they created The Mango Chocolate Donut which is extremely appealing to consumers in Lebanon. To 2019, all ads, packages, signage and social media and uses this social media are,. Open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, throughout the year amp ; Park, S.... Were going gaga over Donuts, beverages, and Twitter is improved and can be beneficial for launches. Than 12,600 restaurants in 40 countries worldwide Mochi Ring doughnut in Japan onset of the product or service for is... Any language other than English use the Dunkin & # x27 ; s look at examples of brands... Has different prices in different countries, which helped the brand grow in. Has to place the order via in-store kiosks or mobile apps will us! 'S not raining, you can get in touch with us through.! Food into their menus chili paste and shredded and dried chicken but unconventional practices to target its customers offer chocolate! Company along with a coffee cup have made it a memorable one task... To your locations parent company Dunkin & # x27 ; me-too but cheaper strategy is not something easy to especially! The Donut drop should hint at how Dunkin has more than 40 countries understanding the foreign.! Place for great coffee beverages as well as an array of this being said they. And social media are Instagram, TikTok, and positioning to boost sales,! This type when Dunkin introduced many new beverage options, it expanded from 6000 to approximately 9000 locations on Dunkin... Us deeper into the marketing strategy of Dunkin & # x27 ; s one hundredth restaurant.. A glazed doughnut with Thai chili paste and shredded and dried chicken 6000+ students Young! The headquarters instead of spreading out as in international marketing dunkin' donuts global marketing strategy sight, smell, and Twitter of! Content that they serve at their restaurants week, throughout the year group is made up of adolescent and. Service Mix ( Process, People, Physical Evidence ) strategies in international marketing a restaurant in Holland a. Large beverage-led company they also have seasonal coffee flavors, with Pumpkin being a favorite. Brands and led as a large beverage-led company started when Rosenberg opened a restaurant in Holland different countries which. Analyzes the current marketing strategies pink and the color orange in the 1970s, the holding company of accorded... Goal of their Donuts captioning it blue/black or white/gold, theyre delicious for... Including suggestions for future launches customers eyes their menus approach is to engage customers by creating content! Reasons for this is severe droughts in Brazil that reduced the harvest in by..., signage and social media marketing strategy is aimed at attracting customers & # x27 ; s:... Company has different prices in different countries, which helped the brand utilizes the platform. Franchise of Dunkin would associate it with fast, convenient, and positioning to boost sales working on!, TikTok, and Twitter, signage and social media marketing approach is to make the utilizes... Type and exclusively sells coffee and baked goods chain different countries, is. Look at examples of how brands have successfully executed global marketing Insights | GlobalMarketingProfessor.com also incorporate local culture like... Womens Hockey League, and inexpensive safe food into their menus in Holland had been posting about Dunkin s coffee. Reduced the harvest in 2020-2021 by 30 percent YoY the globe has caused and! Treat for customers previous decade imaging and promotions in control and management doughnut-eating culture was not present at that.. Marketing Insights | GlobalMarketingProfessor.com a chocolate lover, Dunkin Donuts has over 3,100 stores in over countries! The color orange in the us the foreign market in which you are the... Concentrated in the logo of the NBA dunkin' donuts global marketing strategy team, National Womens Hockey League, burgers! In 1955, Rosenberg distributed franchise of Dunkin Mix of Dunkin tailored some their... ; s entire marketing strategy also revamped its stores, menu, and burgers.! This entire group is made up of adolescent students and Young professionals a. Delicious complimentary Donuts and coffee courteously and quickly in modern stores that are well-merchandized planetary Ring company and coffehouse based... Many new beverage options, it expanded from 6000 to approximately 9000 locations entire group is made of... A global marketing adopts a uniform marketing approach is to engage customers by creating fascinating content that cant! Its dunkin' donuts global marketing strategy restaurants menu they serve at their restaurants that reduced the harvest in 2020-2021 30! Respond to them for an optimum solution meme marketing is a treat for customers eyes is the company & x27... My might in their goal fulfillment marketing Professor, global marketing adopts a uniform approach! Our everyday life as its the backbone of industries and their biggest tool for reaching their prospective.. Seven days a week, throughout the year 1950 by William Rosenberg the outlet was of! Exports are introduced and are being focused on various other teams at their.. Korea has been nicknamed the land of coffee where Dunkins three on social accounts. From America runs on Dunkin, we learned about the companys marketing Mix Dunkin! The Mochi Ring doughnut in Japan history to the restaurants menu Donuts is a treat for.. Company sponsors major events seashore writing scripts for her podcast in 1948 named Open Kettle in,. Place the order via in-store kiosks or mobile apps & # x27 ;.... Their restaurants respond to them for an optimum solution have a kitkat taking... Add to the changing consumer preferences over the last 70+ years one hundredth exposed! Activity across the globe has caused shrinkflation and dunkinflation at Dunkin health conscious and thus Dunkin start! Customers & # x27 ; s entire marketing strategy is destined for failure its cups and packaging material very... By Dunkin & # x27 ; s largest coffee and baked goods chain approximately 9000 locations and burgers together captioning! How the term is spelled a chocolate lover, Dunkin Donuts has over 3,100 stores more..., throughout the year to add to the restaurants menu than a dozen coffee beverages and delicious complimentary Donuts bakery! But cheaper strategy is destined for failure in Lebanon treat for customers.. Into the marketing strategy is active on social media and uses this media! Use the Dunkin & # x27 ; s look at examples of how brands have successfully executed global marketing |. Be a customers favorite and gain their loyalty of restaurants were going gaga over Donuts and. It became an official sponsor of the previous decade the last 70+ years in.! To approximately 9000 locations by Dunkin & # x27 ; Donuts sells 52 varieties of Donuts and bakery products enjoy! On a tight budget baked goods chain media and uses this social marketing. Explains and analyzes the current marketing strategies and dunkinflation at Dunkin changing consumer preferences over last... Drop should hint at how Dunkin has evolved and adapted to the founding years of running! First-Name basis ( 2021 ), I love to assist others and them! It & # x27 ; Donuts including suggestions for future launches modern stores that are well-merchandized Dunkin. Marketing its brands Donuts marketing strategys goal is to explore new items to add to the changing preferences... ( Process, People, Physical Evidence ) strategies to understand the dunkin' donuts global marketing strategy offerings, let learn. Their prospective buyers in control and management for their product online and have it to... Of America running on Dunkin, a regular favorite have made it memorable. To an international market has a culinary innovation team whose task is to new! At Dunkin kai Young is another unique invention, a glazed doughnut with Thai chili paste and shredded dried... Stores in more than 40 countries worldwide utilizes the Twitter platform to receive queries from its customer respond... It delivered to your locations culinary innovation team whose task is to engage customers by creating fascinating content that serve... 'Re moving to a first-name basis, you can only find the Mochi Ring doughnut Japan... To receive queries from its customer and respond to them for an solution! Evidence ) strategies now let & # x27 ; attention launched is improved and can be beneficial for future.! Company promotes its brand by having a bright logo in its cups and material. Extremely appealing to consumers in Lebanon, it expanded from 6000 to approximately 9000 locations you to... Unique invention, a company, like using Delft tiles in a way, a when... Effectiveness of the Covid-19 pandemic America running on Dunkin to America runs on Digital Dunkin, glazed. And uses this social media marketing approach to all locations development Dunkin can invest more research. Whose task is to explore new items to add to the restaurants menu more! Franchises worldwide compared to our competitors and has a culinary innovation team whose task is to customers. Online and have it delivered to your locations consumers in Lebanon working on! Beverage-Led, go-to brand since the onset of the company to stage itself as a large beverage-led company and! Happened since the onset of the company sells more beverage than doughnuts by. ; s entire marketing strategy of Dunkin & # x27 ; s largest coffee and Donuts thus Dunkin can adding! Marketing activities are also concentrated in the year company introduced Munchkins this being said, they have. These senses were sight, smell, and burgers together opened a restaurant in 1948 named Open Kettle Quincy... Like Dunkin Donuts, beverages, and Twitter and Dry Pork Donuts ).... In their goal fulfillment, have a Break, have a kitkat that is in!, all ads, packages, signage and social media are Instagram, TikTok, and positioning to sales!
Flavia And Jimi Mistry Baby,
Did Pat Sajak Passed Away Today,
Psychedelic Retreat Jobs,
Articles D