Critics of the use and misuse of history in American foreign policy, as the Harvard historian Ernest May put it, could find a great deal to fault in Mahans method.[76]. The danger inherent in shifting forces over a distance as great as that existing between the Black Sea and Far East fleets was amply proven by the Japanese victory at Tsushima Strait in 1905. Relations, World Wide Diplomatic Archives Mahan argued that maritime trade is the most important national characteristic in the development of sea power, including having a robust merchant fleet.6 At the time of his writing, this was true for the United States. After the outbreak of hostilities with Spain in May 1898, [1] Indeed, it is likely true that no other piece of applied history has been as successful (for better or for worse) in the making and shaping of U.S. national security policy; George F. Kennans 1947 X Article comes to mind as a comparable example. In the context of late 19th Century during times of peace as well as war. In the wake of the Civil War, however, Congress became preoccupied with Empire, 17931812, Current It was an anniversary, unfortunately, that went largely unnoticed. Most importantly, Anglo-U.S. Sea (cum financial) Power sustained the British war in Europe, convoying armies, supplies, and credit across the watera familiar theme in Mahans work. This has resulted in the notion that military power deployed at or from the sea is the key component of a state's sea power. Bearing all that in mind, Lambert takes Mahan to task for his role as a polemicist. As Captain William H. J. Manthorpe wrote on page 133 of the May 1978 Proceedings: In the Soviet Navy, the authorities can depend on a young mans patriotism, his idealism, his suspicion of foreigners, and his fear of attack to make him ready to accept military service. In an age of technological change, these ideas began to seem obsolete to an influential group of American naval leaders. When combined with the average Russians disdain for sustained effort, his love of wielding arbitrary power, and the continually smashed dreams of consumer satisfaction, the ambitious five-year plans of the government (which dictate economic quotas and growth) lead to corruption, shoddy production, and unavailability of parts and service. A skim through John Hattenforf's bibliography of Mahan's work demonstrates the daunting nature of how voluminous his historical and international affairs writing was. Click here to subscribe for full access. Without a strong domestically focused Coast Guard, a 21st-century great white fleet will have nothing to protect. While India would like the current phase of stability at the LoC to continue, it has little incentive to try to make a grand gesture toward peace with Pakistan. Following the Civil War, Secretary of State William Seward had attempted to Indeed, reading the text for insight into pure naval strategy misses Mahans larger point. [89] See examples like the Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center, Applied History Project and University of Texas Clements Center for National Security. Allan Westcott (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1918). On the other hand, the Navy finds that he needs constant motivation, direction, and supervision to overcome his tendency to idleness, his apathy, his plodding approach to work, his reluctance to exercise initiative, and his unwillingness to discipline himself. An American history professor at the University of Wisconsin, Turner postulated tern held the vast majority of the people tied to the soil. Wayne P. Hughes, Fleet Tactics (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1986/2000/2018). Mahan knew it well, having served on at least one rotting Civil War-era gunboat in Japan. Beginning in 1890 and continuing for more than two decades, Mahan, from his perch at the U.S. [61] Mackinder, Geographical Pivot of History, 421-437. In The Interest of America in International Conditions (1910), Mahan foresaw the then-emerging First World War and the underlying geopolitical conditions leading to the Second World War, recognizing that Germanys central position in Europe, her unrivalled industrial and military might on the continent, and her quest for sea power posed a threat to Great Britain and ultimately the United States. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Answer: In battle fleets. The acquisition of Cam Ranh Bay in Vietnam and Cienfuegos *n Cuba, for example, has greatly enhanced Soviet naval strategic positioning. By contrast, with sea control in hand, the U.S. Navy devastated Japans merchant marine with submarine and aerial attacks. Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, and Secretary of the Navy Naval Institute Proceedings 143, no. [85] Admiral Mahan, New York Times, December 2, 1914. Britain and the Netherlands are nearly totally dependent on foreign trade; hence, the severing of the international commercial arteries by an enemy during Wartime would mean national disaster. The book brought Mahan fame in his lifetime and ever since. Five years later, the United States obtained a Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power, 53. [37] Therein lay the origins of British prosperity and influence, as Mahans historical research hoped to demonstrate. As an analysis of purely naval strategy, it is also a thesis emphasizing concentrated battle fleet engagements as a means of achieving command of the sea. Naval Academy in 1859, served in the Union Navy during the Civil War, and thereafter served on numerous ships and at several naval stations until finding his permanent home at the Naval War College. Mahans evidentiary base consists of several case studies, beginning with the Anglo-Dutch Wars in the 17thcentury. 54. Nicholas J. Spykman, Geography and Foreign Policy, I-II, The American Political Science Review, 1938. Was it, Ma-HAN, the naval historian Sir John Knox Laughton wondered, like the bleating of an anxious ewe? Mahanian Sea Power varies in accordance with decidedly human elements and contingent political decisions. 8. International Maritime Organization, Port State Control, www.imo.org/en/OurWork/IIIS/Pages/Port%20State%20Control.aspx. [88] Likewise, though World War II was not settled in a single fleet encounter, decisive naval engagements were key to winning whole theaters of the war. 3 (Summer 2001): 100101. We must assume any Soviet fleet would be without sea-based air cover, because the Soviets lack carriers of sufficient size to handle such aircraft. Mahan, the son of the legendary West Point instructor Dennis Hart Mahan, was born in 1840, graduated from the U.S. In light of still more recent technical developments such as nuclear weapons, autonomous vehicles, and information technologies, it is tempting to leave the densely written Influence on the shelf, preserving it as a Victorian artifact of antiquarian value but with little or no relevance to modern-day problems. which culminated in the onset of an economic depression between 1893 and 1894. [45] A.T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793-1812 (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1892). A growing navalist movement in the United States capitalized on Influences publication to argue for investments in a blue-water, battleship navy. [I]t is scarcely desirable, Mahan wrote, that so vast a proportion of mankind as the Chinese constitute should be animated by but one spirit and moved as a single man. Mahan knew that Western science and technology would at some point be globalized and wrote that under such circumstances it is difficult to contemplate with equanimity such a vast mass as the four hundred millions of China concentrated into one effective political organization, equipped with modern appliances, and cooped within a territory already narrow for it.. The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, by A. T. Mahan This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. 9. It is self-sufficient in steel, concrete, and iron production. Philip Crowl, Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Naval Historian, in Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, ed. Mahan's most famous and important work The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 first published in 1890, suggests the main thrust of his historical efforts. Non-members can read five free Proceedings articles per month. [7] Mark R. Shulman, Navalism and the Emergence of American Sea Power (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1995); Scott Mobley, Progressives in Navy Blue (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2018). The term itself entered the English language in the 1840s via the British classicist George Grotes History of Greece, which described the Minoans as a seapower or, alternately, thalassocracy.[15] Mahan split that word into its component parts for effect (maritime power was apparently too smooth for his liking) and then spread the concept with nearly religious zeal. Though Grote apparently applies it to Minoan civilization, see: Lambert, Seapower States, 334, n. 2. Empire, 17931812. [28] Element two, Physical Conformation, thoroughly examines the type and specific features of the permanent base. Journal Article OPEN ACCESS Naval War College Review, Vol. Letters and Papers of Alfred Thayer Mahan, Vol I-III, ed. Rodger, Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1659-1815 (New York: Norton, 2005). For Mahan, ephemeral superiority in ship tonnage, technology, or proficiency is only a chimerical form of security. Commercial trade is a critical variable and the reason for a navys existence. He identified several narrow passages or strategic chokepoints, the control of which contributed to Great Britains command of the seas. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1932). Beyond this, an Outer Crescent and Outer Insular Crescent of the World Island includes the Western Hemisphere (including the United States), Britain, Australia, and Japannot coincidentally states that have historically invested a great deal in Sea Power. A nation possessing sea power can enrich itself through trade, protect and expand its commerce and possessions abroad, and "make possible the most glorious and most useful enterprises."6 Mahan elaborated six conditions that define a nation's seapower: geographical position; physical conformation; extent of Lambert echoes Kennedys criticisms of Mahan, but his reading of Influence is far less charitable. What might be called the human resources of Sea Power are generally employed in peacetime by the merchant marine and related industries, making for a ready reserve that can be drawn on by the navy. 1867, Spanish-American War in He identified several narrow passages or strategic "chokepoints," the control of which contributed to Great Britain's command of the seas. new markets across the great highway of the high seas; an American battleship The number of people in a country obviously influences the garrisoning of a given space. Mark Russell Shulman, Navalism and the Emergence of American Sea Power (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1995). The two thinkers are often read in contrast, but in fact they are basically complimentary. Historians have offered equally sharp critiques of Mahan and his methods. In 1890 Alfred Thayer Mahan published a book that transformed naval theoryand unleashed the world's great fleets. Since 1945, the maintenance of Freedom of the Seas through a preponderant navy and a vast archipelago of overseas bases has remained a consistent feature of the U.S.-led post-war order. for new economic opportunities and markets. [91] Control of points, too, remains a vital consideration, justifying Freedom of Navigation Operations from the South China Sea to the Persian Gulf. [62] As Mackinder conceived it, the Eurasian heartland is surrounded by an Inner Crescent of Western Europe, the Middle East, and South and North East Asia. [8] Walter Herrick, The American Naval Revolution (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967). 8.650.0 square miles containing a population of, 241.700.0 (as of 1970). Armstrong, 21st Century Mahan: Sound Military Conclusions for the Modern Era (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2013). We are working now to provide clean text files for the entire collection. Though originally published in 1890, this essay has cited the 1898 version throughoutthe edition most readily available via Google. Mahan[5] defined seapower as the product of international trade and commerce, overseas bases, and merchant and naval shipping. [19] A.T. Mahan, The Life of Nelson: The Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain (London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1897). His reading of history also demonstrated, time and again, that attacks on adversary merchant vessels by raidersa guerre de coursewere never as effective as a decisive battle with the enemy that drove his force from the sea or at least allowed it to appear only as a fugitive.[12] Toward that end, the construction of a fleet of armored battleships was an essential condition of national power. [50] South America proves the point. Writing at the turn of the 20 th century, Mahan was explicitly thinking about the role of sea power for the United States as it emerged onto the world stage, and his ideas, though very influential at the time, have fallen somewhat out of favor in more recent thinking about sea power. [73] Shulman, Navalism and the Emergence of American Sea Power; Mobley, Progressives in Navy Blue. [39] What distinguishes Influence as grand strategy, strategy, and polemicand why it is worth reading todayis the neat thread throughout weaving evidence around Mahans central thesis: that Britain rose to preeminence in the European system as a result of Sea Power. After all, he notes that the Anglo-Dutch peoples were not only radically of the same race, but also shared a common interest in commerce. . We Need a Bigger Commercial Fleet, Brookings, 4 November 2021. [4] All the while, the U.S. Two related, but discrete definitions come through in the textwhat might be called little and big s/Sea p/Powerthough to be clear Mahan uses only the former. [20] Mahans only book dedicated to strategy and tactics as such was, by his own admission, the worst writing he ever produced. It is a rapidly developing nation with more than 50% of the people living in urban areas, furthering the cause of industrialization- The people are mainly land oriented, as they have been throughout their long history. But since 1790, the Revenue Cutter Service had been collecting tariffs, combating smuggling, and enforcing revenue and customs laws. Mahan Summary :- sea power as a product of-trade+Base+ Ship 11-Chola, 15-Zheng He, 18-Maratha-konhoji Angre great highway","wide common, well-worn trade routes listed six fundamental elements of sea power G-geographical position P-Phsical Formation Extent of Territort Size of population Character of people character of government GTP-Population, People, Government The Influence of Sea . Wedded together, these elements greatly advantaged British political aims and regional influence. No book has had greater effect on the composition of and justification for industrial navies than Alfred Thayer Mahans 1890 The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783. Department, Buildings of the The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Naval Institute Proceedings 147, no. Democracies are good at war for many of the same reasons they are good at capitalism and at the enhancement of the human spirit. with profound social and economic consequences. Department of State, U.S. The book, largely based on Mahans lectures at the Naval War College, became the bible for many navies around the world. What is the value of commerce destruction, and should this be a primary or secondary goal of naval action? secured a safe source of raw materials for US industry. affected sea power. This essay leverages Mahans personal correspondence, archival sources, and an extensive body of commentary to explore the content, creation, and reception of Influence. 6 days ago; 4 (1904): 421-437; Nicholas Spykmans Geography and Foreign Policy, I-II, The American Political Science Review, Vol XXXII, Issue I, Vol XXXII, Issue II, (1938). This is Four years after arriving in Newport, he published Influence, ensuring his lasting contribution to history and navies alike. Continue with Recommended Cookies. This brings us to Mahans most vital characteristic. In the 1890s, Mahans ideas resonated with leading politicians, including Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, and Secretary of the Navy Herbert Tracy. [vi] There are over 160 articles, but if we start . by | Sep 22, 2020 | Uncategorized | 0 comments | Sep 22, 2020 | Uncategorized | 0 comments Cart All. Written during a period of U.S. naval reform and expansion, Mahans research is at once a parochial argument about the need to revitalize U.S. sea power, and a broader account of the relationships between the ocean, trade, and national strength. The extent of territory can be a great advantage because of the tremendous resources therein. These are not fatal deficiencies. As the custodian of U.S. ports and waterways, the Coast Guard safeguards the infrastructure necessary to access the global commons and realize sea power. They encourage innovation, self-reliance and . [20]He certainly writes less on these scores than contemporary historians like Herbert Wilson in his 1896 Ironclads in Action. [60] E.L. Godkin, Navalism, Nation, Vol. [70] Mahan mentions production, Kennedy acknowledges, but he is more interested in seaborne commerce as the driving source of wealth; a significant distinction even if the concepts of trade and production routinely overlap in practice. Captain, later Rear-Admiral, Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840-1914) was an American naval officer and historian . The timing was serendipitous: his move came just as the first of the new steel navys appropriations came into effect. Markets in the, Copyright Furthermore, for centuries the Russian social caste sys-. He is a graduate of Marine Corps Command and Staff College and a doctoral candidate in atmospheric and oceanic science at the University of Maryland, College Park. It details the role of sea power throughout history and discusses the various factors needed to support a strong navy.Alfred Thayer Mahan (September 27, 1840 - December 1, 1914) was a United States naval officer and historian, whom John Keegan called "the . Mahans subsequent work, The Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire (1892), carried this argument forward in an almost wholly derivative encore. Search for jobs related to Mahan six principles of sea power or hire on the world's largest freelancing marketplace with 22m+ jobs. [69] Daniel Immerwahr, How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019). Equally significant were the new battleships utilizing Mahan's strategy of command of the sea and clearly displaying the industrial maturation of the United States. may yield to one of those impulses which have in past ages buried civilization under a wave of barbaric invasion. Should China burst her barriers eastward, he wrote, it would be impossible to exaggerate the momentous issues dependent upon a firm hold of the [Hawaiian] Islands by a great civilized maritime power., Similarly, in The Problem of Asia, Mahan depicted a future struggle for power in the area of central Asia he called the debatable and debated ground, and identified the immense latent force of China as a potential geopolitical rival. As Mahan concludes: The overwhelming sea power of England was the determining factor in European history during the period mentioned.[14] When reading Influence today it is useful, even imperative, to differentiate sea power as a narrow military strategy from this latter, more capacious, and (I argue) Mahanianunderstanding of the term as a form of grand strategy for the organization of national resources and objectives. Among them, commercial pursuits must be a distinguishing feature of the nations that have at one time or another been great upon the sea.[34] For Mahan, national character also influences the capacity for planting healthy colonies, which is still another component of fully realized Sea Power. [5] Oscar Wilde used USN weakness as a punch line for his comedy; it was that obvious. . Index, A Short History In the 21st century, even as technologies advance, the core insights of Mahan and his method remain fundamental. In the last decades of the nineteenth century navies grappled with the problem of preparing their officer corps for future wars, while the pace of technological change was accelerating, and there were few conflicts to inform the development of tactical and strategic doctrine. Mahan was especially interested in the attitude of France toward sea power because the French seemed to mirror Sea power encompasses commercial rivalries in Mahan would have simply argued that while naval weaponry and tactics . Criticisms and Alternative Geopolitical Models. [30] Drawing from his experience in the Civil War, Mahan noted that the sparsely populated inlets and harbors of the Confederacy were not a source of strength, but rather highways for riverine penetration by Union gunboats. [88] See: Wayne Hughes, Fleet Tactics and Coastal Combat, 1986/2000/2018. In 1890, Mahan called the sea a wide common.[92] It takes very little imagination to trace that thought through Wilsons Fourteen Points, to the Atlantic Charter, to more recent commitments to the global commons of sea, air, space, and cyberspace. Extrapolating from the history of Northern Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, Mahan concluded that sea powernaval superiority rooted in commercial vitality, shipping, and foreign territorial acquisitionswas the key to national power and influence. Not surprisingly, Mahans account of British ascendency and strategic wisdom made for a warm embrace across the Atlantic. Given authority, he is likely to be bureaucratic and to exercise his power arbitrarily and harshly.. RADM Stephen B. Luce established the Naval War College in 1884. Without those elements of Sea Power, pure military or naval strength is a colossus with feet of clay. Stipulating his consistent skepticism of commerce raiding as a viable policy, Mahans text actually has relatively little to say about tactics (though he sometimes digresses) or even strategy qua naval strategy. [10] Mahan disagreed with many of his compatriotsand a competing set of French thinkerswho argued for comparably cheaper investments in coastal defense technologies and commerce raiding ships. The 1890s were marked by social and economic unrest throughout the United States, Naval War College, in 1890 he selectively compiled lecture notes into the body-text of Influence. He called for a more active U.S. role in world affairs to support Britain's efforts to contain Russian expansion. It was Alfred Thayer Mahan who first coined the term "sea power.". Tactical questions aside, in the 100 years since its publication, Influences basic contentions have held up remarkably well. Economic Depression of 1890s lead politicians to Re-evaluate Mahan's Ideas, Mahan argued that United States had to find foreign markets for its goods, Mahan advocating creating US naval bases around the world, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 16601783, The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 17931812, Cmo ver como era una pgina web hace aos, Office of the Historian, United States Department of State, Mahans The Influence of Sea Power upon History: Securing International Markets in the 1890s, https://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Charles_Mahan%27s_%22The_Influence_of_Sea_Power%22_shape_American_Foreign_Policy&oldid=24267. This is particularly true if the flee1 in question has sortied without high-performance air cover. Mahan and some leading American politicians believed that these Robert Seager II and Doris Maguire (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1975). The very terms navalism and navalist were originally coined in the 1890s as a pejorative (an analog of militarism) to describe irrational and unnecessary spending on navies. Non-members can read five free Proceedings articles per month. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Borrowing a phrase from: Charles Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006). the President, Visits by Foreign Heads Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Seapower Upon History: 16601783 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1890), 26. 5 (JANUARY 1964), pp. Mahan intended for his writing to educate the American populace on the strategic value of sea power and to advocate for expansion of the U.S. Navy.1 Drawing on the examples of Britain, Holland, and France, he distills sea power into coexistent naval, commercial, and financial elements.2 As president of the Naval War College, he not unexpectedly examines the value of a states navy in exercising sea power. Dutton & Co., 1968), 35. 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