The Late Republic - Clarkson Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). Sulla then duly besieged the city. This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. Five reasons why primary sources should be used for teaching Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. Wikipedia entry. PDF 1 Marius' Mules: Paving the Path to Power Mary Wright Seminar Paper He then attacked the Samnites and routed one of their armies near Aesernia before capturing the new Italian capital at Bovianum Undecimanorum. Examples include journal articles, reviews . He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 BCE) was a ruthless military commander, who first distinguished himself in the Numidian War under the command of Gaius Marius.His relationship with Marius soured during the conflicts that would follow and lead to a rivalry which would only end with Marius' death.Sulla eventually seized control of the Republic, named himself dictator, and after eliminating his . "[133][134], At the end of 82 BC or the beginning of 81 BC,[135] the Senate appointed Sulla dictator legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae causa ("dictator for the making of laws and for the settling of the constitution"). [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. Sulla was a man to whom, up to victory, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after victory, no criticism can be adequate. [76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus). Marius arranged for Sulla to lift the iustitium and allow Sulpicius to bring proposals; Sulla, in a "desperately weak position [received] little in return[,] perhaps no more than a promise that Sulla's life would be safe". [citation needed], Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the Roman tribes for purposes of voting. [81.4] It note also contains an account of Thracian . [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. He could acknowledge the law as valid. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. 1963), and Stewart Perowne, Death of the Roman Republic: From 146 B.C. The United States entered World War I on April 6, 1917, when the U.S. Congress agreed to a declaration of war. Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. 1011 accepts these inheritances without much comment and places them around Sulla's turning thirty years of age. Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the optimates and populares factions at Rome. Guide. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. Archives; Correspondence Roman military leaders. He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia. Sulla (P. Cornelius Sulla) - Roman praetor, 212 B.C. They were, however, successful in holding Macedonia, then governed by propraetor Gaius Sentius and his legate Quintus Bruttius Sura. Constitutional reforms of Sulla - Wikipedia [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. Find & Discover | Primary Sources at Yale 45-120 CE) was a Platonist philosopher, best known to the general public as author of his "Parallel Lives" of paired Greek and Roman statesmen and military leaders.He was a voluminous writer, author also of a collection of "Moralia" or "Ethical Essays," mostly in dialogue format, many of them devoted to philosophical topics, not at all . Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. Primary Source Terms:. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. Secondary sources, on the other hand, are made . The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. Cicero comments that Pompey once said, "If Sulla could, why can't I? A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. Sulla, hearing this, feigned an attack while instructing his men to fraternise with Scipio's army. Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. This, of course, made him very popular with the poorer citizens. Shortly before Sulla's first consulship, the Romans fought the bloody Social War against their . [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. the execution of Granius, shortly before his own death). Sulla - Wikipedia [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. At the meeting, he took the seat between the Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, and Ariobarzanes, seeking to gain psychological advantage over the Partian envoy by portraying the Parthians and the Cappadocians as equals with Rome as superior. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. Biographies of historical and famous people. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) Primary sources are original . Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. Primary vs. Secondary - Primary Sources: A Research Guide - Research Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. [101], Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. The Iraq War Ten Years After - George Washington University [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. Student Engagement: Primary source materials "help spark students . Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. Primary Sources on Copyright - Record Viewer After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. [45][46], While governing Cilicia, Sulla received orders from the Senate to restore Ariobarzanes to the throne of Cappadocia. Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. His family was patrician, part of the ruling class in ancient Rome. Click the title for location and availability information. [52] He may have stayed in the east until 92BC, when he returned to Rome. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time. The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. Sulla, meanwhile, had to allow matters to unfold beyond his control. These two reforms were enacted primarily to allow Sulla to increase the size of the Senate from 300 to 600 senators. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way.. He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. Book Sources: Bloody Sunday - Selma to Montgomery March (1965) A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. [130], In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a series of proscriptions (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as enemies of the state). Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. Ideally, each ensemble is diverse, both in cultural background and practical experience. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. Primary sources enable students to explore the documentary evidence of a nation's history - the roots of its government, value systems and role on the world stage. From 133BC and the start of Tiberius Gracchus' land reforms, Italian communities were displaced from de jure Roman public lands over which no title had been enforced for generations. [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. At the same time, the younger Marius sent word to assemble the Senate and purge it of suspected Sullan sympathisers: the urban praetor Lucius Junius Brutus Damasippus then had four prominent men killed at the ensuing meeting. Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. Sulla and the proscriptions Lucius Cornelius Sulla was consul in 88 BC (and again in 80 BC) and dictator from 82 to 79 BC. Primary Resources - Primary Resources and Archives - Research Guides at [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. "[147] Plutarch claims he had seen Sulla's personal motto carved on his tomb on the Campus Martius. 101 BC: Took part in the defeat of the Cimbri at the, 90-89 BC: Senior officer in the Social War, as, Holds the consulship for the first time, with, 87 BC: Commands Roman armies to fight King, 85 BC: Liberates the provinces of Macedonia, Asia, and Cilicia from Pontic occupation, 83 BC: Returns to Italy and undertakes civil war against the factional Marian government, 83-82 BC: Enters war with the followers of Gaius Marius the Younger and Cinna, 82 BC: Obtains victory at the battle of the Colline Gate, 80 BC: Holds the consulship for the second time. The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War. The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) There is no single tool that will find everything at UCR, but a good start is to reach . National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. The interest rates were also to be agreed between both parties at the time that the loan was made, and should stand for the whole term of the debt, without further increase. Biography Roman military commander and dictator of the Roman republic (81-80 BC). Pompey was then dispatched to recover Sicily. For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. [44], His term as praetor was largely uneventful, excepting a public dispute with Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo (possibly his brother-in-law) and his magnificent holding of the ludi Apollinares. Introduction - Primary Sources - LibGuides at CSU Los Angeles These marriages helped build political alliances with the influential Caecilii Metelli and the Pompeys. To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; they, however, likely acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. Gill. In 89BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). Primary Sources - Research Guides at New York University [26] Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. Sulla's body was cremated and his ashes placed in his tomb in the Campus Martius. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. They had, however, fallen on hard times. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. [17] After his father's death, around the time Sulla reached adulthood, Sulla found himself impoverished. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. Encyclopedias. "[156], He was said to have a duality between being charming, easily approachable, and able to joke and cavort with the most simple of people, while also assuming a stern demeanor when he was leading armies and as dictator. He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. The Roman Republic and territories in 100 B.C. [65] This had been preceded by the lex Julia, passed by Lucius Julius Caesar in October 90BC, which had granted citizenship to those allies who remained loyal. Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . The circumstances of his relative poverty as a young man left him removed from his patrician brethren, enabling him to consort with revelers and experience the baser side of human nature. The Black Death: The Plague, 1331-1770 - University of Iowa [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that he retired to a life spent in dissolute luxuries, and he "consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long." A Timeline of the Wars of Marius and Sulla | History Hit Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. . Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. The faculty and students of the Hanover College History Department initiated the Hanover Historical Texts Project in 1995, at a time when few primary sources were available outside of published anthologies. If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. Revised on November 11, 2022. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. . [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. [34] The publicity attracted by this feat boosted Sulla's political career. [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. Primary sources are contrasted with secondary sources, works that provide analysis, commentary, or criticism on the primary source. The veto power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the consulships of Pompey and Crassus.[150]. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. Primary sources - How to find resources by format - Research Guides at Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. Primary vs. Secondary Sources | Difference & Examples - Scribbr to the Birth of the Roman Empire (1969). La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori deve essere convocata dal datore di lavoro e devono partecipare almeno il rappresentante dei lavoratori per la sicurezza (RLS) e il medico competente. These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. Primary sources how to use them | Services to Schools In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. Even though the prosecutor declined to show up on the day of the trial, leading to Sulla's victory by default, Sulla's ambitions were frustrated. He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. This distinction is important because it will affect how you understand these sources. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. A primary source (also called original . When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north.

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