(2021) van der Ree et al. We planned a study of ambulatory adults with borderline (0 to -30) and moderate-to-marked (<-30 to -90) LAD looking into their possible . If your enlarged heart is due to a chronic (ongoing) condition, it usually will not go away. Twitter: @rob_buttner. Check out our other awesome clinical skills resources including: Left Axis Deviation = QRS axis less than -30. How To Read an EKG/ECG Electrocardiogram - Nurse.org . You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. In athletes, LAD is a borderline trait that, when paired with some other borderline feature like the block of the right bundle branch, necessitates additional evaluation because of the increased likelihood of sudden cardiac death. If you think you may have left axis deviation, it is important to see a doctor as soon as possible to receive . The vector is initially directed upwards and to the left, which yields q-wave in lead aVF and R-wave in lead I. Electrocardiogram of left ventricle hypertrophy. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. www.heart.org. Feel free to contact us at [emailprotected] if you have further questions to ask or if theres anything you want to contribute or correct to this article. Left Axis Deviation LAD. i am slim, & i don't know what that meant. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal . ECG findings Comment; A (normal or normal variant ECG reading) Sinus bradycardia, arrhythmia, or tachycardia . Q-wave is mandatory in leads III and aVF. What does right axis deviation mean on ECG? - KnowledgeBurrow.com Weight Loss: 7 Tips That Will Help You Practice Mindful Eating. - Introduction 00:00 First, analyze the QRS complex for both leads I and avF to determine if it is +ve (height of R wave > height of S wave), equiphasic (R wave = height of S wave), or negative (R wave height of S wave). It is characterized by all of the following: left-axis deviation with frontal qrs axis between -45 degrees and -90 degrees; q wave in lead avl; rs in inferior leads ; qrs duration is ; 120 ms. Conclusions: The frequencies of glucose intolerance were 48.9% even in borderline LAD with 84.9% in moderate-to-marked LAD group. Blood and urine tests may be done to check for conditions that affect heart health. Both terms relate to b What that means is the doctor who was "caring" for you has not been very pleasant or helpful. Interpretation of neonatal and pediatric electrocardiograms (ECG) What is Cardiac Axis? | ECG Interpretation | Geeky Medics Heart left axis deviation causes, symptoms & treatment - Health Jade Is your body's hormone capable of affecting your hunger pangs? There's less contribution to the electrical vector from the left so it deviates to the right. Review the role of an interprofessional team in improving care coordination in patients with electrical axis deviation. left axis deviation - General Practice notebook The cause of this axis change is unclear. Where is H. pylori most commonly found in the world? . "The electrical axis at a glance". Although not a dangerous finding in and of itself, axis deviation may be an indication of a serious underlying condition. 2005 Dec;98(12):1232-8. In simplest terms can you explain ecg axis what axis (left/right) deviation meansand how to spot it on ecg. Why do I get cuts on my frenulum during intercourse? Is the Left Axis Deviation of the Heart Life Threatening? - Character 02:14 Left anterior fascicular block - UpToDate In electrocardiography, left axis deviation (LAD) is a condition wherein the mean electrical axis of ventricular contraction of the heart lies in a frontal plane direction between 30 and 90. An echocardiogram can usually rule o Left axis means on your ekg them sum of your electrical vectors from your heart was 0 to negative 90 degrees on the EKG. If LVH is caused by valvular abnormalities like aortic valve stenosis, the valve must be surgically repaired or replaced. - 700+ OSCE Stations: https://geekymedics.com/osce-stations/ Common causes of left axis deviation include an old or recent myocardial infarction, paced rhythms . Response to ECG Challenge. The site is secure. Determining Axis and Axis Deviation on an ECG - Marquette University ECG findings include right axis deviation (seen . Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is effectively benign, meaning that it is not harmful. . Some ECG machines call any axis in the right upper quadrant (between 0 and -90 degrees) left axis deviation. Although left axis deviation is often an age-related physiological change. It is not an abnormal finding and requires no treatment unless accompanied by any structural defect of the heart. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). What does axis deviation on ECG mean? - KnowledgeBurrow.com Extra right ventricular tissue results in a stronger electrical signal being generated by the right side of the heart. font-weight: normal; DO NOT perform any examination or procedure on patients based purely on the content of these videos. to decode the shape of the QRS complex based on the current knowledge of the ventricular . Hemiblocks Revisited | Circulation LeadsII, III andaVF displayrS complexes. Most newborns have an electrical axis greater than 135 (98% confidence interval 58 to 168). With poor R wave progression the transition comes later than it should. In case of a fascicular block, the wall/walls without fascicular supply will depend on impulses spreading from the other part of the ventricle (where the fascicle is intact). The normal variation that causes LAD is a physiologic alteration that occurs with age. In contrast, LAD is defined as a QRS axis between 30 and 90, right axis deviation (RAD) is defined as a QRS axis higher than +90, and extreme axis deviation (EAD) is defined as a QRS axis between -90 to 180. HealthTap uses cookies to enhance your site experience and for analytics and advertising purposes. The Electrocardiogram (ECG) . 2023 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code I44.4: Left anterior fascicular block In other words, when the person breathes in, their heart rate increases, and when they breathe out, the rate decreases. The electrical activity of the heart starts at the sinoatrialnode then spreads to the atrioventricular (AV)node. For example, if LAD is caused by left ventricular hypertrophy. This alters the ECG curve in a characteristic fashion which is rather easy to spot. Right ventricular hypertrophy is actually more common than LPFB and may cause ECG findings similar to LPFB. In moderate-to-marked LAD group mean values of BP, FPG, and lipid profiles were higher (p<0.001) and abnormal. LAD can be caused by a number of factors. Yazdanpanah MH, Sayyadipoor S, Hojati SR, Nikmanesh A, Farjam M, Homayounfar R. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. PRIME PubMed | EKG: left axis deviation journal articles from PubMed Regn No 874489152. Refer to Figure 1. Providing credible health information and fast-growing dental news and health company that specializes in viral content in emerging specialize mostly in Latin America (Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Argentina), Russia, USA, Canada, Nigeria, and others. The QRS duration is only slightly prolonged but it does not reach 0.12 s. Block in the anterior fascicle causes left anterior fascicular block (LAFB). Check with your doc. Heart failure. This is mirrored by a positive QRS complex in lead I and a negative complex in leads aVF & II. If LAD is present and the patient is . INTRODUCTION. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. (axis between +180 and -90 degrees). 8600 Rockville Pike We would like to show you notifications for the latest Health and Dentalcare news and updates. What does it mean when the ecg says left axis deviation and t wave abnormality? P mitrale (bifid P waves) and left atrial enlargement are common P wave abnormalities. Emergency Physician in Prehospital and Retrieval Medicine in Sydney, Australia. Top answers from doctors based on your search: Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. Do Include Them In Your 2019 Workout Regime! Poor R Wave Progression | New Health Advisor As a result, a thorough history of acute cardiac injury is critical. The majority of those with LAFB, however, have significant heart disease. Is left axis deviation ECG dangerous? - cem.btarena.com The ECGs and clinical data were retrospectively analyzed for a period that varied from 3 to 42 years (mean, 15.310.2 years), and 115 men with LAH . The second vector is directed downwards and to the right, which results in a prominent R-wave in lead aVF and equally prominent S-wave in lead I. } Please write a single word answer in lowercase (this is an anti-spam measure). Left axis deviation by definition is a coronal QRS axis of more than -30 degrees. Left-axis deviation is when the QRS axis is between -30 and -90. We consecutively enrolled adults aged 30 or more, with electrocardiogram normal duration QRS axis between 0 to -90, without cardiac symptoms, not on any medication, attending outdoor-clinics for health checkup. Left axis deviation: Right axis deviation, especially in patients older than 8 years: Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Left axis deviation in brugada sy preview & related info | Mendeley it can be very dangerous if not treated properly. < ..^^>. This prevents the lower left heart chamber from filling properly with blood. Before The most common cause of RAD is right ventricular hypertrophy. (EKG: left axis deviation) 765 results. Left Axis Deviation (LAD)| Learn More About The Pathologies Of The 2023 Jan; 15(1):e33904. Epub 2009 Nov 10. Got an ecg done on advice of a doctor. You can check out our guide to using SOCRATES here: https://geekymedics.com/the-socrates-acronym-in-history-taking/ Watch the video below to know more on left axis deviation: Knowing the electrical axis may assist guide the differential diagnosis and offer insight into underlying illness conditions2Jenkins, Dean (1996). This is due to aVR looking at the heart in the opposite direction. - Exacerbating & relieving factors 05:12 [Case Reports] Cureus. As a result of these changes, complications of left ventricular hypertrophy include: - Geeky Medics OSCE App: https://geekymedics.com/geeky-medics-app/ Installing uses almost no storage and provides a quick way to return to this app. Understanding ECG Axis and Axis Deviation - YouTube eCollection 2020. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Disclaimer. It is also frequently used as the first indicator of a cardiac condition. Lack of vitality or anemia in the central muscular region of the heart causes coagulation of blood, which is verified by T-wave abnormality. After birth, the electrical axis gradually normalizes (as the left ventricle becomes larger), which means that it falls between -30 and +90. Out of 100 participants enrolled, about 90% were aged between 30 and 60 and 47% had borderline and 53% moderate-to-marked LAD. If the electrical axis is between +90 to +180 this is considered right axis deviation (RAD). The abnormal left axis deviation is one of the most common abnormal ECG findings. Purulent Drainage | Learn All About It: What It is, Causes, Complications, and Treatments, Blue Sclera | Symptoms, Causes, Prevention, and Treatment, Labile Mood | Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and Prevention, List of Medicine and Drug Prices in Nigeria in 2022. The electrical axis will be more positive than 90 (right axis deviation). If there is sinus rhythm, and the heart rate is greater than 100 bpm, then sinus tachycardia is present. Wanted to please understand what this left axis deviation means and if it's normal. It can occur in people whose hearts otherwise function normally and who have no underlying conditions. Moderate-to-marked LAD group had higher frequencies of abnormal blood pressure (BP), FPG, and lipids than borderline LAD group even after conditioning effects of age and sex (p0.03) and of FPG after conditioning effects of BP (p=0.02). Anatomical or functional block in the anterior fascicle leads toleft anterior fascicular block. - PSA Question Pack: https://geekymedics.com/psa-question-bank/ Electrical axis between-45to-90. Among 67,375 Air Force men without symptoms, Hiss and associates found a frontal plane QRS axis of 30 to 90 degrees in 128 (1.9 percent). This is an example of why axis determination is an important part of 12-lead ECG interpretation. 1984 Sep-Oct;54(5):457-62. LAD is usually caused by conduction abnormalities. These Simple And Effective Exercises Can Help Melt Belly Fat Within No Time! Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. This allows us to get in touch for more details if required. , Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). Read More. This is mirrored by a positive QRS complex in lead I and a negative complex in leads aVF & II. Disclaimer. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Left axis deviation (LAD) discovered in children via electrocardiogram (ECG) is uncommon but can be associated with heart disease (HD). The abnormal left axis deviation is one of the most common abnormal ECG findings. In this condition there is a swing of the cardiac axis to the left - ie less than minus 30 degrees. In electrocardiography, left axis deviation is a condition where the mean electrical axis of ventricular contraction of the heart lies in a frontal plane direction between 30 and 90. Retrieved 2022-10-25., ventricular ectopic arrhythmias, congenital cardiac disease, preexcitation syndrome, pacemaker-generated paced rhythm, conduction abnormalities, mechanical shift, emphysema, normal variation, and hyperkalemia are all examples of these. Normal sinus rhythm with right axis deviation. And always remember that Healthsoothe is one of the best health sites out there that genuinely cares for you. Is the left axis deviation dangerous? I had a ekg and it said it was abnormal because of a left axis deviation. I am 24 year old 4 days ago I have done an ECG which shows results as Sinus Rhythm Marked Right axis Deviation. Use smaller electrodes specific to children. A: Left axis deviation is usually a normal variation in the ECG in which the currents arising from the heart picked up by ECG have a leftward deviation. . font: 14px Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; What is the difference between hypoxemia and hypoventilation? Hence it is a 4 axis system that acts as A left axis may be normal for you, or may indicate some thickening of your left ventricle. Although the left axis deviation may not need therapy in and of itself, the root cause can be addressed. It can be normal, leftward (left axis deviation, or LAD), rightward (right axis deviation, or RAD) or indeterminate (northwest axis). Left anterior fascicular block or LAFB also known left anterior hemiblock, is a heart disease in which scarring occurs in a section of the left ventricle identifiable from an abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG). Left axis deviation is one of the most commonly encountered ECG abnormalities. Q: I am a 41 years old man and I underwent a routine ECG and the report showed sinus rhythm, left axis, non-specific ST-T abnormality (elevated).Otherwise it was a normal ECG. Using SOCRATES in History Taking | OSCE | Communication Skills, To be the first to know about our latest videos, subscribe to our YouTube channel . Tests may be done to check blood sugar, cholesterol levels, and . What is the normal range of pus cells in the urine of children? He has a passion for ECG interpretation and medical education | ECG Library |, MBBS (UWA) CCPU (RCE, Biliary, DVT, E-FAST, AAA) Adult/Paediatric Emergency Medicine Advanced Trainee in Melbourne, Australia. Left Bundle Branch Block: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment - Cleveland Clinic margin-right: 10px; If you are interested in contributing an article to Healthsoothe, please reach out to our editorial team at contact [at] healthsoothe.com to request a media kit. LAD on ECG may be caused by pre-excitation syndrome in addition to congenital cardiac abnormalities like atrial septal defect and endocardial cushion deficiencies. Always adhere to medical school/local hospital guidelines when performing examinations or clinical procedures. Editor-in-chief of the LITFL ECG Library. Right axis deviation is a strong indicator of pulmonary hypertension in a risk population. Among 67,375 Air Force men without symptoms, Hiss and associates found a frontal plane QRS axis of 30 to 90 degrees in 128 (1.9 percent). What Pathology Is Seen With Left Axis Deviation | Steve Gallik Normal Axis = QRS axis between -30 and +90, Right Axis Deviation = QRS axis greater than +90, Extreme Axis Deviation = QRS axis between -90 and 180 (AKA Northwest Axis), Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. C. border: none; Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. An abnormal ECG might indicate a variety of conditions. Cardiovasc Diabetol. Read More. The associations with various conditions may be . is one of the best health sites out there that genuinely cares for you. Left Atrial Enlargement (LAE): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment A:ST segment and T wave are ECG terminologies and these are arbitrary names given to certain segments of the tracings of the ECG.ST-T wave changes can occur in a number of situations, which are well . The thickened left ventricle becomes weak and stiff. Axis deviation, while not a dangerous finding in and of itself, may indicate a serious underlying condition. Right axis often refers to the direction in which the current is traveling. When the axis moves further and is more negative than 30 it is called marked left axis deviation (MLAD) and, on inspection of the tracing, can be diagnosed when in addition to the above features of LAD, the sum of QRS components is negative (ie S>R) in 2 and aVF as well as lead 3, while lead 1 is positive; (3) right . Here are the rules for interpreting a left anterior fascicular block (LAFB). This would lead to right axis deviation findings on an ECG. If there is sinus rhythm, and the heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute, then sinus bradycardia is present. ECG in left ventricular hypertrophy: A change in paradigm from Left anterior fascicular block is due to anatomical or functional block in the anterior fascicle. A collection of surgery revision notes covering key surgical topics. There is also the possibility of underlying pul. The ECG showed a regular narrow QRS tachycardia at 108 bpm suggestive of a regularized atrial fibrillation, with ST-segment elevation in aVR and less marked in V 1, with ST-segment depression in V 2 through V 6 and the inferior and lateral leads. Extra right ventricular tissue results in a stronger electrical signal being generated by the right side of the heart. - Medical Finals Question Pack: https://geekymedics.com/medical-student-finals-questions/ official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The cumulative 3-year incidence of the primary outcome measure was significantly higher in the left axis deviation group (26.4% in the left axis deviation, 22.7% in the right axis deviation, and . Doctors would place a diagnosis on 5 different axises. Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu. Right axis deviation is often known as a condition of the electric conduction of the heart. The optimal diagnostic approach in a seemingly healthy child with LAD is unclear. Multilead ST depression with coexistent ST elevation in lead aVR and V 1 has been described in patients with left main or . What might it mean for a patient to have extreme left axis deviation (-97 deg) but on a later ecg have extreme right axis deviation (188 deg)? Is Left Axis Deviation ECG Dangerous or Can LAD Cause Death? If the deviation is due to left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and the hypertrophy has resulted in heart failure, then the patient may demonstrate such symptoms of heart failure as dyspnea on exertion or leg edema. They don't necessarily imply any anatomical or fuctional abnormality. Establishing a diagnosis of LPFB requires that there are no clinical or ECG criteria of right ventricular hypertrophy present. If LAD is caused by left ventricular hypertrophy, Hegars Sign | Know All You Need To Know About It (With Pictures, Videos, & FAQs), All right, guys, that is it for now for the left axis deviation of the heart. An official website of the United States government. Degenerative processes, ischemic heart disease, hyperkalemia, myocarditis, amyloidosis and acute cor pulmonale may all cause LPFB. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Cardiac: Differential diagnosis: Other important EKG clues: Normal Variant: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: Sum of S wave in V1 and R wave in V5 or V6 3.5 mV (35 mm) R wave in aVL 1.1 mV (11 . I am a freelance writer and a computer techie who is adept in content writing, copy writing, article writing, essay writing, journal writing, blog posts, seminar presentation, SEO contents, proof reading, plagiarism checking, editing webpage contents&write-ups and WordPress management. Company registered in USA & NIGERIA by, Left Axis Deviation (LAD)| Learn More About the Pathologies of the Heart by Determining the Left Deviations of its Electrical Axis. You might also be interested in our awesome bank of 700+ OSCE Stations. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. #geekymedics #fyp #fypviral #studytok #medicalstudentuk #medtok #studytips #studytipsforstudents #medstudentuk #premed #medschoolfinals, Cardiovascular History Tips - DON'T FORGET these 3 things . margin-top: 20px; In the old DSM 4, which most still use, there are 5 Axes of mental health. Clinic and electro-vectorcardiographic study (author's transl)]. In conclusion, among patients with left bundle branch block, those with left axis deviation have a greater incidence of myocardial dysfunction, a more advanced conduction disease, and greater cardiovascular damage which can lead to mortality (if not properly treated immediately) than those with a normal axis. Bookshelf (left axis deviation, or LAD) - QRS is upright in lead I (positive) and downward in lead aVF . This is reflected by a QRS complex positive in lead I and negative in leads aVF and II. High blood pressure ( hypertension ). This is due to the fact that the posterior fascicle is larger and it has greater arterial supply. Bookshelf We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. It occurs when a persons heart rate relates to their breathing cycle. If high blood pressure is the cause of LVH, medications such as diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), and calcium channel blockers are used to lower blood pressure and prevent further enlargement of the left ventricle. This can be a normal variant EKG axis is determined by analyzing positive and negative patterns in the different limb leads. ECG criteria for left posterior fascicular block (LPFB) Electrical axis +90 to +180. Electrocardiography in Emergency, Acute, and Critical Care, Critical Decisions in Emergency and Acute Care Electrocardiography, Chous Electrocardiography in Clinical Practice: Adult and Pediatric, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, QRS is POSITIVE (dominant R wave) in Lead I, QRS is NEGATIVE (dominant S wave) in leads II, III and aVF, Leads I and aVL are positive; leads II and aVF are negative. 2004 Jan-Mar;36(1):3-7. It is usually the result of a left anterior hemiblock rather than to the increased bulk of muscle of the left ventricle. My work mantra is: "I can, and I will", Are you looking for a way to calculate how many calories youve burned during your, Get the latest creative news from Healthsoothe about health and dentalcare. Clinical electrocardiography and ECG interpretation, Cardiac electrophysiology: action potential, automaticity and vectors, The ECG leads: electrodes, limb leads, chest (precordial) leads, 12-Lead ECG (EKG), The Cabrera format of the 12-lead ECG & lead aVR instead of aVR, ECG interpretation: Characteristics of the normal ECG (P-wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T-wave), How to interpret the ECG / EKG: A systematic approach, Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re-entry (reentry), Aberrant ventricular conduction (aberrancy, aberration), Premature ventricular contractions (premature ventricular complex, premature ventricular beats), Premature atrial contraction(premature atrial beat / complex): ECG & clinical implications, Sinus rhythm: physiology, ECG criteria & clinical implications, Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia), Sinus bradycardia: definitions, ECG, causes and management, Chronotropic incompetence (inability to increase heart rate), Sinoatrial arrest & sinoatrial pause (sinus pause / arrest), Sinoatrial block (SA block): ECG criteria, causes and clinical features, Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and sick sinus syndrome (SSS), Sinus tachycardia & Inappropriate sinus tachycardia, Atrial fibrillation: ECG, classification, causes, risk factors & management, Atrial flutter: classification, causes, ECG diagnosis & management, Ectopic atrial rhythm (EAT), atrial tachycardia (AT) & multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT), Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT): ECG features & management, Pre-excitation, Atrioventricular Reentrant (Reentry) Tachycardia (AVRT), Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, Junctional rhythm (escape rhythm) and junctional tachycardia, Ventricular rhythm and accelerated ventricular rhythm (idioventricular rhythm), Ventricular tachycardia (VT): ECG criteria, causes, classification, treatment, Long QT (QTc) interval, long QT syndrome (LQTS) & torsades de pointes, Ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity and sudden cardiac arrest, Pacemaker mediated tachycardia (PMT): ECG and management, Diagnosis and management of narrow and wide complex tachycardia, Introduction to Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease) & Use of ECG, Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) & Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), Clinical application of ECG in chest pain & acute myocardial infarction, Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cardiac troponins, ECG & Symptoms, Myocardial Ischemia & infarction: Reactions, ECG Changes & Symptoms, The left ventricle in myocardial ischemia and infarction, Factors that modify the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ECG in myocardial ischemia: ischemic changes in the ST segment & T-wave, ST segment depression in myocardial ischemia and differential diagnoses, ST segment elevation in acute myocardial ischemia and differential diagnoses, ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) without ST elevations on 12-lead ECG, T-waves in ischemia: hyperacute, inverted (negative), Wellen's sign & de Winter's sign, ECG signs of myocardial infarction: pathological Q-waves & pathological R-waves, Other ECG changes in ischemia and infarction, Supraventricular and intraventricular conduction defects in myocardial ischemia and infarction, ECG localization of myocardial infarction / ischemia and coronary artery occlusion (culprit), The ECG in assessment of myocardial reperfusion, Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECG, Stable Coronary Artery Disease (Angina Pectoris): Diagnosis, Evaluation, Management, NSTEMI (Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) & Unstable Angina: Diagnosis, Criteria, ECG, Management, STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction): diagnosis, criteria, ECG & management, First-degree AV block (AV block I, AV block 1), Second-degree AV block: Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach) & Mobitz type 2 block, Third-degree AV block (3rd degree AV block, AV block 3, AV block III), Management and treatment of AV block (atrioventricular blocks), Intraventricular conduction delay: bundle branch blocks & fascicular blocks, Right bundle branch block (RBBB): ECG, criteria, definitions, causes & treatment, Left bundle branch block (LBBB): ECG criteria, causes, management, Left bundle branch block (LBBB) in acute myocardial infarction: the Sgarbossa criteria, Fascicular block (hemiblock): left anterior & left posterior fascicular block on ECG, Nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay (defect), Atrial and ventricular enlargement: hypertrophy and dilatation on ECG, ECG in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH): criteria and implications, Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH): ECG criteria & clinical characteristics, Biventricular hypertrophy ECG and clinical characteristics, Left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) & right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) on ECG, Digoxin - ECG changes, arrhythmias, conduction defects & treatment, ECG changes caused by antiarrhythmic drugs, beta blockers & calcium channel blockers, ECG changes due to electrolyte imbalance (disorder), ECG J wave syndromes: hypothermia, early repolarization, hypercalcemia & Brugada syndrome, Brugada syndrome: ECG, clinical features and management, Early repolarization pattern on ECG (early repolarization syndrome), Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome, stress induced cardiomyopathy), Pericarditis, myocarditis & perimyocarditis: ECG, criteria & treatment, Eletrical alternans: the ECG in pericardial effusion & cardiac tamponade, Exercise stress test (treadmill test, exercise ECG): Introduction, Indications, Contraindications, and Preparations for Exercise Stress Testing (exercise ECG), Exercise stress test (exercise ECG): protocols, evaluation & termination, Exercise stress testing in special patient populations, Exercise physiology: from normal response to myocardial ischemia & chest pain, Evaluation of exercise stress test: ECG, symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, performance, ECG criteria for left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), Causes of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), Prognosis of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), Noteworthy about left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), ECG criteria for left posterior fascicular block (LPFB), Causes of left posterior fascicular block (LPFB), Causes ofleft anterior fascicular block (LAFB), Prognosis ofleft anterior fascicular block (LAFB), Noteworthy aboutleft anterior fascicular block (LAFB), Causes ofleft posterior fascicular block (LPFB).